diff --git a/app/components/layout/common_html_attributes_component.rb b/app/components/layout/common_html_attributes_component.rb
index 63f35e0f6..c79881ba6 100644
--- a/app/components/layout/common_html_attributes_component.rb
+++ b/app/components/layout/common_html_attributes_component.rb
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ class Layout::CommonHtmlAttributesComponent < ApplicationComponent
   private
 
     def attributes
-      sanitize([dir, lang, html_class].compact.join(" "))
+      tag.attributes(dir: dir, lang: lang, class: html_class)
     end
 
     def dir
-      'dir="rtl"' if rtl?
+      "rtl" if rtl?
     end
 
     def lang
-      "lang=\"#{I18n.locale}\""
+      I18n.locale
     end
 
     def html_class
-      "class=\"tenant-#{Tenant.current_schema}\"" if Rails.application.config.multitenancy
+      "tenant-#{Tenant.current_schema}" if Rails.application.config.multitenancy
     end
 end
diff --git a/app/controllers/proposals_controller.rb b/app/controllers/proposals_controller.rb
index d22836066..7a27f7d3f 100644
--- a/app/controllers/proposals_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/proposals_controller.rb
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class ProposalsController < ApplicationController
                                       .sort_by_confidence_score
                                       .limit(Setting["featured_proposals_number"])
         if @featured_proposals.present?
-          @resources = @resources.where.not(id: @featured_proposals)
+          @resources = @resources.excluding(@featured_proposals)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/app/helpers/shifts_helper.rb b/app/helpers/shifts_helper.rb
index 01552a730..34a64e2a2 100644
--- a/app/helpers/shifts_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/shifts_helper.rb
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ module ShiftsHelper
   end
 
   def start_date(polls)
-    start_date = polls.map(&:starts_at).min.to_date
+    start_date = polls.minimum(:starts_at).to_date
     [start_date, Date.current].max
   end
 
   def end_date(polls)
-    polls.map(&:ends_at).max.to_date
+    polls.maximum(:ends_at).to_date
   end
 
   def officer_select_options(officers)
diff --git a/app/lib/acts_as_paranoid_aliases.rb b/app/lib/acts_as_paranoid_aliases.rb
index 76afbbdf0..f8a44f766 100644
--- a/app/lib/acts_as_paranoid_aliases.rb
+++ b/app/lib/acts_as_paranoid_aliases.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module ActsAsParanoidAliases
     end
 
     def without_confirmed_hide
-      where(confirmed_hide_at: nil)
+      excluding(with_confirmed_hide)
     end
 
     def with_hidden
diff --git a/app/models/banner.rb b/app/models/banner.rb
index ea3a9b513..8d0513a21 100644
--- a/app/models/banner.rb
+++ b/app/models/banner.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Banner < ApplicationRecord
   has_many :web_sections, through: :sections
 
   scope :with_active, -> { where(post_started_at: ..Date.current, post_ended_at: Date.current..) }
-  scope :with_inactive, -> { where.not(id: with_active) }
+  scope :with_inactive, -> { excluding(with_active) }
   scope :in_section, ->(section_name) do
     joins(:web_sections, :sections).where("web_sections.name ilike ?", section_name)
   end
diff --git a/app/models/budget.rb b/app/models/budget.rb
index 319f02d4b..894519282 100644
--- a/app/models/budget.rb
+++ b/app/models/budget.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class Budget < ApplicationRecord
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :phases
 
   scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
-  scope :drafting,  -> { where.not(id: published) }
+  scope :drafting,  -> { excluding(published) }
   scope :informing, -> { where(phase: "informing") }
   scope :accepting, -> { where(phase: "accepting") }
   scope :reviewing, -> { where(phase: "reviewing") }
diff --git a/app/models/budget/investment.rb b/app/models/budget/investment.rb
index 53b8c196c..b6b2ae6be 100644
--- a/app/models/budget/investment.rb
+++ b/app/models/budget/investment.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Budget
 
     scope :valuation_open,              -> { where(valuation_finished: false) }
     scope :with_admin,                  -> { where.not(administrator_id: nil) }
-    scope :without_admin,               -> { where(administrator_id: nil) }
+    scope :without_admin,               -> { excluding(with_admin) }
     scope :without_valuator_group,      -> { where(valuator_group_assignments_count: 0) }
     scope :without_valuator,            -> { without_valuator_group.where(valuator_assignments_count: 0) }
     scope :under_valuation,             -> { valuation_open.valuating.with_admin }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Budget
     scope :valuation_finished_feasible, -> { where(valuation_finished: true, feasibility: "feasible") }
     scope :feasible,                    -> { where(feasibility: "feasible") }
     scope :unfeasible,                  -> { where(feasibility: "unfeasible") }
-    scope :not_unfeasible,              -> { where.not(feasibility: "unfeasible") }
+    scope :not_unfeasible,              -> { excluding(unfeasible) }
     scope :undecided,                   -> { where(feasibility: "undecided") }
 
     scope :with_supports,      -> { where(cached_votes_up: 1..) }
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/globalizable.rb b/app/models/concerns/globalizable.rb
index 5578c37db..0ab046c1b 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/globalizable.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/globalizable.rb
@@ -102,17 +102,11 @@ module Globalizable
       translations_foreign_key = reflect_on_association(:translations).foreign_key
       fallbacks = Globalize.fallbacks(Globalize.locale)
 
-      fallbacks_with_order = fallbacks.map.with_index do |locale, order|
-        "('#{locale}', #{order})"
-      end.join(", ")
-
       translations_ids = translation_class
                          .select("DISTINCT ON (#{translations_foreign_key}) id")
                          .where(locale: fallbacks)
-                         .joins("LEFT JOIN (VALUES #{fallbacks_with_order}) " \
-                                "AS locales(name, ordering) " \
-                                "ON locale = locales.name")
-                         .order(translations_foreign_key, "locales.ordering")
+                         .order(translations_foreign_key)
+                         .in_order_of(:locale, fallbacks)
 
       with_translations(fallbacks).where("#{translations_table_name}.id": translations_ids)
     end
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/verification.rb b/app/models/concerns/verification.rb
index 298c44b4d..e72ba0ab8 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/verification.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/verification.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Verification
 
   included do
     scope :residence_verified, -> { where.not(residence_verified_at: nil) }
-    scope :residence_unverified, -> { where(residence_verified_at: nil) }
+    scope :residence_unverified, -> { excluding(residence_verified) }
     scope :residence_and_phone_verified, -> { residence_verified.where.not(confirmed_phone: nil) }
     scope :residence_or_phone_unverified, -> { residence_unverified.or(where(confirmed_phone: nil)) }
     scope :phone_not_fully_confirmed, -> { where(unconfirmed_phone: nil).or(where(confirmed_phone: nil)) }
diff --git a/app/models/dashboard/administrator_task.rb b/app/models/dashboard/administrator_task.rb
index e0091d0a4..d0682c99d 100644
--- a/app/models/dashboard/administrator_task.rb
+++ b/app/models/dashboard/administrator_task.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ class Dashboard::AdministratorTask < ApplicationRecord
 
   default_scope { order(created_at: :asc) }
 
-  scope :pending, -> { where(executed_at: nil) }
   scope :done, -> { where.not(executed_at: nil) }
+  scope :pending, -> { excluding(done) }
 
   def title
     "#{source.proposal.title} #{source.action.title}"
diff --git a/app/models/legislation/process.rb b/app/models/legislation/process.rb
index a57f53564..f59ddf377 100644
--- a/app/models/legislation/process.rb
+++ b/app/models/legislation/process.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,35 @@ class Legislation::Process < ApplicationRecord
     validates :"#{phase_name}_end_date", presence: true, if: enabled_attribute
   end
 
-  validate :valid_date_ranges
+  validates :end_date,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: :start_date,
+              message: :invalid_date_range
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            if: -> { start_date }
+  validates :debate_end_date,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: :debate_start_date,
+              message: :invalid_date_range
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            if: -> { debate_start_date }
+  validates :draft_end_date,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: :draft_start_date,
+              message: :invalid_date_range
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            if: -> { draft_start_date }
+  validates :allegations_end_date,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: :allegations_start_date,
+              message: :invalid_date_range
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            if: -> { allegations_start_date }
+
   validates :background_color, format: { allow_blank: true, with: ->(*) { CSS_HEX_COLOR }}
   validates :font_color, format: { allow_blank: true, with: ->(*) { CSS_HEX_COLOR }}
 
@@ -140,22 +168,4 @@ class Legislation::Process < ApplicationRecord
   def self.search(terms)
     pg_search(terms)
   end
-
-  private
-
-    def valid_date_ranges
-      if end_date && start_date && end_date < start_date
-        errors.add(:end_date, :invalid_date_range)
-      end
-      if debate_end_date && debate_start_date && debate_end_date < debate_start_date
-        errors.add(:debate_end_date, :invalid_date_range)
-      end
-      if draft_end_date && draft_start_date && draft_end_date < draft_start_date
-        errors.add(:draft_end_date, :invalid_date_range)
-      end
-      if allegations_end_date && allegations_start_date &&
-         allegations_end_date < allegations_start_date
-        errors.add(:allegations_end_date, :invalid_date_range)
-      end
-    end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/poll.rb b/app/models/poll.rb
index 18c78a77d..8b6ec8624 100644
--- a/app/models/poll.rb
+++ b/app/models/poll.rb
@@ -33,10 +33,33 @@ class Poll < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :budget
 
   validates_translation :name, presence: true
-  validate :date_range
-  validate :start_date_is_not_past_date, on: :create
+
+  validates :starts_at, presence: true
+  validates :ends_at, presence: true
+
+  validates :starts_at,
+            comparison: {
+              less_than_or_equal_to: :ends_at,
+              message: ->(*) { I18n.t("errors.messages.invalid_date_range") }
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            if: -> { ends_at }
+  validates :starts_at,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: ->(*) { Time.current },
+              message: ->(*) { I18n.t("errors.messages.past_date") }
+            },
+            allow_blank: true,
+            on: :create
+  validates :ends_at,
+            comparison: {
+              greater_than_or_equal_to: ->(*) { Time.current },
+              message: ->(*) { I18n.t("errors.messages.past_date") }
+            },
+            on: :update,
+            if: -> { will_save_change_to_ends_at? }
+
   validate :start_date_change, on: :update
-  validate :end_date_is_not_past_date, on: :update
   validate :end_date_change, on: :update
   validate :only_one_active, unless: :public?
 
@@ -80,7 +103,7 @@ class Poll < ApplicationRecord
     where("? < ends_at and ? >= starts_at",
           poll.starts_at.beginning_of_day,
           poll.ends_at.end_of_day)
-      .where.not(id: poll.id)
+      .excluding(poll)
       .where(related: poll.related)
   end
 
@@ -162,18 +185,6 @@ class Poll < ApplicationRecord
     Poll::Voter.where(poll: self, user: user, origin: "web").exists?
   end
 
-  def date_range
-    if starts_at.blank? || ends_at.blank? || starts_at > ends_at
-      errors.add(:starts_at, I18n.t("errors.messages.invalid_date_range"))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def start_date_is_not_past_date
-    if starts_at.present? && starts_at < Time.current
-      errors.add(:starts_at, I18n.t("errors.messages.past_date"))
-    end
-  end
-
   def start_date_change
     if will_save_change_to_starts_at?
       if starts_at_in_database < Time.current
@@ -184,12 +195,6 @@ class Poll < ApplicationRecord
     end
   end
 
-  def end_date_is_not_past_date
-    if will_save_change_to_ends_at? && ends_at < Time.current
-      errors.add(:ends_at, I18n.t("errors.messages.past_date"))
-    end
-  end
-
   def end_date_change
     if will_save_change_to_ends_at? && ends_at_in_database < Time.current
       errors.add(:ends_at, I18n.t("errors.messages.cannot_change_date.poll_ended"))
diff --git a/app/models/poll/question/option.rb b/app/models/poll/question/option.rb
index c191c5923..299e764bb 100644
--- a/app/models/poll/question/option.rb
+++ b/app/models/poll/question/option.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Poll::Question::Option < ApplicationRecord
   validates_translation :title, presence: true
   validates :given_order, presence: true, uniqueness: { scope: :question_id }
 
-  scope :with_content, -> { where.not(id: without_content) }
+  scope :with_content, -> { excluding(without_content) }
   scope :without_content, -> do
     where(description: "")
       .where.missing(:images)
diff --git a/app/models/proposal.rb b/app/models/proposal.rb
index 634077fe0..6cdcc5979 100644
--- a/app/models/proposal.rb
+++ b/app/models/proposal.rb
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ class Proposal < ApplicationRecord
   scope :not_archived,   -> { where(created_at: Setting.archived_proposals_date_limit..) }
   scope :last_week,      -> { where(created_at: 7.days.ago..) }
   scope :retired,        -> { where.not(retired_at: nil) }
-  scope :not_retired,    -> { where(retired_at: nil) }
+  scope :not_retired,    -> { excluding(retired) }
   scope :successful,     -> { where(cached_votes_up: Proposal.votes_needed_for_success..) }
   scope :unsuccessful,   -> { where(cached_votes_up: ...Proposal.votes_needed_for_success) }
   scope :public_for_api, -> { all }
   scope :selected,       -> { where(selected: true) }
   scope :not_selected,   -> { where(selected: false) }
   scope :published,      -> { where.not(published_at: nil) }
-  scope :draft,          -> { where(published_at: nil) }
+  scope :draft,          -> { excluding(published) }
 
   scope :not_supported_by_user, ->(user) { where.not(id: user.find_voted_items(votable_type: "Proposal")) }
   scope :created_by,            ->(author) { where(author: author) }
@@ -108,15 +108,11 @@ class Proposal < ApplicationRecord
     tagged_with(user.interests, any: true)
       .where.not(author_id: user.id)
       .unsuccessful
-      .not_followed_by_user(user)
+      .excluding(followed_by_user(user))
       .not_archived
       .not_supported_by_user(user)
   end
 
-  def self.not_followed_by_user(user)
-    where.not(id: followed_by_user(user).ids)
-  end
-
   def to_param
     "#{id}-#{title}".parameterize
   end
diff --git a/app/models/proposal_notification.rb b/app/models/proposal_notification.rb
index 5579fd728..7cad3c705 100644
--- a/app/models/proposal_notification.rb
+++ b/app/models/proposal_notification.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class ProposalNotification < ApplicationRecord
   scope :sort_by_moderated,  -> { reorder(moderated: :desc) }
 
   scope :moderated, -> { where(moderated: true) }
-  scope :not_moderated, -> { where(moderated: false) }
+  scope :not_moderated, -> { excluding(moderated) }
   scope :pending_review, -> { moderated.where(ignored_at: nil) }
   scope :ignored, -> { moderated.where.not(ignored_at: nil) }
 
diff --git a/app/models/user.rb b/app/models/user.rb
index 07c05dd05..8ba6d0f4c 100644
--- a/app/models/user.rb
+++ b/app/models/user.rb
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
     where(document_type: document_type, document_number: document_number)
   end
   scope :email_digest,   -> { where(email_digest: true) }
-  scope :active,         -> { where(erased_at: nil) }
   scope :erased,         -> { where.not(erased_at: nil) }
+  scope :active,         -> { excluding(erased) }
   scope :public_for_api, -> { all }
   scope :by_authors,     ->(author_ids) { where(id: author_ids) }
   scope :by_comments,    ->(commentables) do
diff --git a/db/dev_seeds/flags.rb b/db/dev_seeds/flags.rb
index 582bd088f..dc5db86ab 100644
--- a/db/dev_seeds/flags.rb
+++ b/db/dev_seeds/flags.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 section "Flagging Debates & Comments" do
   40.times do
     debate = Debate.sample
-    flagger = User.where.not(id: debate.author_id).sample
+    flagger = User.excluding(debate.author).sample
     Flag.flag(flagger, debate)
   end
 
   40.times do
     comment = Comment.sample
-    flagger = User.where.not(id: comment.user_id).sample
+    flagger = User.excluding(comment.user).sample
     Flag.flag(flagger, comment)
   end
 
   40.times do
     proposal = Proposal.sample
-    flagger = User.where.not(id: proposal.author_id).sample
+    flagger = User.excluding(proposal.author).sample
     Flag.flag(flagger, proposal)
   end
 end
diff --git a/db/dev_seeds/votes.rb b/db/dev_seeds/votes.rb
index eb7711136..a91b6d315 100644
--- a/db/dev_seeds/votes.rb
+++ b/db/dev_seeds/votes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 section "Voting Debates, Proposals & Comments" do
-  not_org_users = User.where.not(id: User.organizations)
+  not_org_users = User.excluding(User.organizations)
   100.times do
     voter  = not_org_users.level_two_or_three_verified.sample
     vote   = [true, false].sample
diff --git a/spec/factory_bot/strategy/insert.rb b/spec/factory_bot/strategy/insert.rb
index 5c7468a25..9de345d1c 100644
--- a/spec/factory_bot/strategy/insert.rb
+++ b/spec/factory_bot/strategy/insert.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,7 @@ module FactoryBot
         build_class = evaluation.instance_variable_get(:@attribute_assigner)
                                 .instance_variable_get(:@build_class)
 
-        timestamps = { created_at: Time.current, updated_at: Time.current }.select do |attribute, _|
-          build_class.has_attribute?(attribute)
-        end
-
-        build_class.insert!(timestamps.merge(@strategy.result(evaluation)))
+        build_class.insert!(@strategy.result(evaluation))
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/spec/models/poll/poll_spec.rb b/spec/models/poll/poll_spec.rb
index 992c7daa7..d88a1277a 100644
--- a/spec/models/poll/poll_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/models/poll/poll_spec.rb
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@ describe Poll do
       poll.starts_at = nil
 
       expect(poll).not_to be_valid
-      expect(poll.errors[:starts_at]).to eq ["Invalid date range"]
+      expect(poll.errors[:starts_at]).to eq ["can't be blank"]
     end
 
     it "is not valid without an end date" do
       poll.ends_at = nil
+
       expect(poll).not_to be_valid
+      expect(poll.errors[:ends_at]).to eq ["can't be blank"]
     end
 
     it "is not valid without a proper start/end date range" do